The Tower of Pisa is a particularly complex symbol of Italy

Thesis
The Tower of Pisa known globally due to its mysterious lean which is nearly four
degrees, brought about by an unstable foundation. Focusing on the details regarding the
architect, construction history, earthquake survival, entry into Guinness world records and
technical information of the Tower will help in understanding the Tower.
Caprili, Silvia, Federico Mangini, Sandro Paci, Walter Salvatore, Marco G. Bevilacqua, Ewa
Karwacka, Nunziante Squeglia, Riccardo Barsotti, Stefano Bennati, Giuseppe
Scarpelli, and Paolo Iannelli. “A Knowledge-Based Approach for the Structural
Assessment of Cultural Heritage, a Case Study: La Sapienza Palace in Pisa.” Bulletin
of Earthquake Engineering: Official Publication of the European Association for
Earthquake Engineering. 15.11 (2017): 4851-4886. Print.
Caprili et al. are authors with diverse backgrounds in history and assessment of the
structure. In the article, Caprili et al. argue that the tower is believed to have started leaning
during the construction period in the 12th century, because of soft ground that could barely
support the weight of the structure. This article is important in researching the leaning of the
Tower. The leaning worsened at its completion in the 14th century and is said to have